---
date: "2020-01-26T20:41:55.827Z"
lang: "tw"
# en:
# title: "What is Gender?"
# description: "How do we define the concept of Gender, and how does it differ from Sex?"
# zh-tw:
title: "性別是什麼？"
description: "我們如何定義性別的概念，以及如何與性區分？"
preBody: '_disclaimer'
siblings:
  prev: /tw/
  prevCaption: 簡介
  next: /tw/history
  nextCaption: 性別不安的歷史
classes:
  - gdb
tweets:
  - '1228717614630940672'
  - '1439225913623781377'
---

# 性別是什麼？

{!{
<div class="gutter">
  <blockquote>
    <strong>性別 Gen·der</strong> - <em>名詞</em><br>
    <!-- en:
    The range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, femininity and masculinity. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological sex, sex-based social structures (i.e., gender roles), or gender identity (the personal sense of one's own gender).
    zh-tw: -->
    與女性氣質和男性氣質有關並區分兩者的一系列特質。根據具體上下文，這些特質可能包含生理性別、基於性別的社會結構（例如性別角色）或性別認同（對自我性別的感知）。
  </blockquote>
</div>
}!}

<!-- en:
If you trace the etymology of the word to its Latin roots, gender simply means "type". The Norman French term **gendre** was in use in the 12th century to describe "the quality of being male or female."

zh-tw: -->
如果你追溯這個詞到拉丁語的根源，性別只是指「類型」。12世紀的諾曼法語中 **gendre** 用來描述「男性或女性的特質」。

<!-- en:
Many people attribute the term to psychologist John Money, who proposed using "gender" in 1955 to differentiate mental sex from physical sex. However, Money was not the first to do so. Cultural anthropologist [Margaret Mead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead) used the term in 1949 in her book *Male and Female* to distinguish gendered behaviors and roles from biological sex. The American Journal of Psychology ([vol. 63, no. 2, 1950, pp. 312](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1418948)) described the book thusly:

zh-tw: -->
很多人認為心理學家約翰·曼尼（John Money）創造了「性別」這個詞，他在1955年提出用「性別」來區分心理上的性和身體上的性。然而曼尼並不是第一個這麼做的人。文化人類學家[瑪格麗特·米德](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead)在1949年的《兩性之間》(Male and Female)一書中使用這個詞來區分性別化的行為和角色與生理性別。《美國心理學期刊》（The American Journal of Psychology, [vol. 63, no. 2, 1950, pp. 312](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1418948)）這樣描述這本書：

<!-- en:
> A book, moreover, which gives beyond its premise; for it informs the reader upon **'gender' as well as upon 'sex,'** upon masculine and feminine roles as well as upon male and female and their reproductive functions.
>
> Margaret Mead moves from the specific delineation to the more general comparison of male and female in several communities, finally coming to an analysis of sex-patterns in our own midst and for our own time.

zh-tw: -->
> 這本書超越了其基本假設。告訴讀者**什麼是「性」，什麼是「性別」**，什麼是男性化的角色，什麼是女性化的角色，什麼是男女的生殖功能。
>
> 瑪格麗特·米德從特定的描繪移向更一般的比較，比較了幾個社群中的男性和女性，最後分析了我們自己時代的性模式。

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  {{import '~/tweet' ids=[
    '1228717614630940672'
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<!-- en:
Human Sex (the adjective, not the verb) is broken down into three categories:

zh-tw: -->
人類的性（形容詞，不是動詞）分為三類：

<!-- en:
- **[Genotype](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype)**: The genetically-defined chromosomal kareotype of an organism (XX, XY, [and all variants thereof](https://twitter.com/sciencevet2/status/1035250518870900737?lang=en))
- **[Phenotype](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype)**: The observable primary and secondary sexual characteristics (genitals, fat and muscle distribution, bone structure, etc.)
- **[Gender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender)**: The **un**observable sexual characteristics, the internal mental model of a person's own sex, and the way that they express it.

zh-tw: -->
- **[基因型 (Genotype)](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%9E%8B)**：生物遺傳確定的染色體核型（XX、XY及[其它變體](https://twitter.com/sciencevet2/status/1035250518870900737?lang=en)）
- **[表現型 (Phenotype)](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E5%9E%8B)**：可觀察到的主要和次要性徵（生殖器、脂肪和肌肉分布、骨骼結構等）
- **[性別 (Gender)](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5)**：**不**可見的性徵、一個人內在的性心理模式和性別表達。

<!-- en:
Any of these three aspects can fall into a position on a range of values. Your elementary school health class probably taught you that genotype is binary, either female (XX) or male (XY), when the reality is that there are a dozen other permutations that can occur within human beings.

zh-tw: -->
這三類中都受到觀念的桎梏。小學的健康課可能教過，基因型是二元的，如果不是女性（XX） 就是男性（XY），但現實中還有十幾種其他的排列組合存在人類之中。

{!{ {{import '~/img' images.bimodal className="card borderless center span34 print-right print-span3"}} }!}

<!-- en:
Likewise, many people believe that phenotype is also binary, but biology has recognized for hundreds of years that, when you plot out all sexual characteristics across a population, you actually end up with a bimodal distribution where the majority of the population falls within a percentile of two groups. This means that some people will, simply by nature of how life works, fall outside of the typical two piles. Many people fall in the middle, with characteristics of both sexes.

zh-tw: -->
同樣地，很多人認為表現型也是二元的，但生物學幾百年來一直認為，當你在整個人群中繪製所有性徵時，你實際上會得到一個雙峰分佈，其中大多數人落在兩組百分位數之間。這意味著有些人，僅僅是因為生活的運作方式，會落在兩個典型群體之外。許多人落在中間，具有兩性的特徵。

<!-- en:
Gender, however, is a lot more... esoteric. There are a lot of different ways in which people have attempted to illustrate the gender spectrum, but none have quite thoroughly captured it because the spectrum is itself a very abstract concept.

zh-tw: -->
性別，然而，更為...抽象。人們試圖描繪性別光譜的方式有很多種，但沒有一種完全捕捉到它，因為光譜本身就是一個非常抽象的概念。

{!{
<div class="">
  <div class="card">
    <div class="card-header"><strong>一些用來描述性別的方法</strong></div>
    <div class="card-body flex flex-row">
      {{import '~/img' images.spectrum }}
      {{import '~/img' images.graph }}
      {{import '~/img' images.gender_unicorn className="" }}
    </div>
    <div class="card-body">
      <em>資料來源:</em>
      [<a href="https://bahamutzero.tumblr.com/post/56838411871/gender-a-visual-guide-when-most-people-think-of">Tumblr</a>]
      [<a href="http://www.transstudent.org/gender">TransStudent.org</a>]
    </div>
  </div>
</div>
}!}

<!-- en:
The short of it is: some people are very male, some people are very female. Some people feel no gender at all, some people feel both. Some are smack in the middle, some land along the edges. Some people oscillate all over the spectrum in unpredictable ways, changing like the wind. Only an individual can identify their own gender; no one else can dictate it for them.

zh-tw: -->
簡而言之：有些人非常男性化，有些人非常女性化。有些人根本沒有性別感，有些人兩者都有。有些人處於中間，有些人處於邊緣。有些人在光譜上不可預測地震盪，像風一樣變化。只有個人才能確定自己的性別；沒有人可以為他們決定性別。

<!-- en:
Gender is part social construct, part learned behaviors, and part biological processes which form very early in a person's life.

zh-tw: -->
性別是社會建構的一部分，是學習的行為，也是在一個人的生命早期形成的生物過程的一部分。

<!-- en:
Present evidence seems to suggest that a person's gender is established during gestation while the cerebral cortex of the brain is forming (more about that in the Causes of Gender Dysphoria section). This mental model then informs, at a subconscious level, what aspects of the gender spectrum a person will lean towards. It affects behavior, perceptions of the world, the way we experience attraction (separate from sexual orientation and hormonal influences) and how we bond with other people.

zh-tw: -->
目前的證據似乎表明，一個人的性別是在胎兒期間確立的，當大腦皮層形成時（關於這一點，請參見性別不安的成因章節）。這種心理模式然後在潛意識水平上告訴一個人會偏向性別光譜的哪些方面。它影響行為、對世界的感知、我們如何體驗吸引力（與性取向和荷爾蒙影響分開）以及我們如何與其他人建立關係。

<!-- en:
Gender also affects the expectations that the brain has for the environment it resides in (your body), and when that environment does not meet those expectations, the brain sends up warning alarms in the form of depression, depersonalization, derealization, and dissociation. These are the brain's subconscious ways of informing us that something is very wrong.

zh-tw: -->
性別也影響大腦對其所處環境（你的身體）的期望，當環境不符合這些期望時，大腦會通過憂鬱、失自我感、現實感喪失和解離的形式發出警報。這些是大腦潛意識地告訴我們有什麼地方出了嚴重問題。

{!{
<div class="gutter"><blockquote>
  <strong>習性 Hab·i·tus</strong> - <em>名詞</em><br>
  <!-- en:
  Socially ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions. The way a person perceives and reacts to the world.
  zh-tw: -->
  社會上根深蒂固的習慣、技能和性格。一個人感知世界和對世界作出反應的方式。
</blockquote></div>
}!}

<!-- en:
On the social side, gender involves our [habitus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)): our presentation, our mannerisms and behaviors, how we communicate, how we react, what our expectations are from life, and the roles that we fulfill as we walk through life. The author Susan Stryker described habitus it in her book *[Transgender History](https://smile.amazon.com/Transgender-History-second-Todays-Revolution/dp/158005689X)*:

zh-tw: -->
在社會方面，性別涉及我們的[習性](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%A3%E7%BF%92)：我們的表現、我們的舉止和行為、我們的溝通方式、我們的反應方式、我們對生活的期望以及我們在生活中扮演的角色。作者蘇珊·史崔克（Susan Stryker）在她的書《[跨性別歷史](https://smile.amazon.com/Transgender-History-second-Todays-Revolution/dp/158005689X)》中這樣描述習性：

<!-- en:
> A lot of habitus involves manipulating our secondary sex characteristics to communicate to others our own sense of who we feel we are---whether we sway our hips, talk with our hands, bulk up at the gym, grow out our hair, wearclothing with a neckline that emphasizes our cleavage, shave our armpits, allow stubble to be visible on our faces, or speak with a rising or falling inflection at the end of sentences. Often these ways of moving and styling have become so internalized that we think of them as natural even though---given that they are all things we've learned through observation and practice---they can be better understood as culturally acquired "second nature."

zh-tw: -->
> 眾多習性涉及操縱我們的次要性徵，向他人傳達我們對自己感覺的認知---無論是擺動臀部、肢體語言、在健身房增肌、留長頭髮、穿著領口突顯乳溝的衣服、刮腋毛、讓臉上的胡渣顯現，還是在句子結尾說話時帶有上揚或下降的語調。通常這些移動和造型方式已經內化到我們的思維中，我們認為它們是自然的，即使"考慮到這些都是我們通過觀察和練習學到的東西"它們更應該被理解為文化習得的「第二天性」。

<!-- en:
Indeed, these are all cultural factors: things which have developed within the population over time. Regardless of being essentially "made up", they are still strongly gendered and a person tends to connect to the gendered habitus of their internal self without even realizing they are doing it. When we are denied access to those social aspects, this results in discomfort with one's social position in life.

zh-tw: -->
事實上，這些都是文化因素：隨著時間的推移在人群中發展起來的東西。儘管基本上是「虛構的」，它們仍然具有強烈的性別特徵，一個人傾向於與自己內在自我的性別習性相連接，甚至沒有意識到自己在這樣做。當我們被剝奪了這些社會方面的接觸時，這將導致對自己在生活中的社會地位感到不適。

<!-- en:
John Money's experiments attempted to confirm his belief that gender is entirely a social construct, and that any child can be raised to believe themselves to be whatever they were taught to be. His experiment was a massive failure (see the Biochemical Dysphoria section). Gender does not change; every human is the same gender at 40 that they were at 4. What changes is our own personal understanding of our gender as we mature as individuals.

zh-tw: -->
約翰·曼尼的實驗試圖證實他的信念，即性別完全是一種社會建構，任何孩子都可以被教導相信自己是什麼。他的實驗是一次巨大的失敗（請參見生化不安章節）。性別不會改變；每個人在40歲時的性別與4歲時的性別是一樣的。改變的是我們對自己性別的個人理解，隨著我們作為個體的成熟而變化。

<!-- en:
These negative symptoms (depression, derealization, social discomfort) are the symptoms of Gender Dysphoria.

zh-tw: -->
這些負性症狀（憂鬱、現實感喪失、社交不適）是性別不安的症狀。

<!-- en:
What **Gender is *not*** is sexual orientation. We describe orientation using terms relative to one's gender (homosexual/heterosexual/bisexual, etc), but gender itself does not affect sexuality and sexuality has no role in gender.

zh-tw: -->
性別**不是**性取向(sexual orientation)。我們使用與一個人的性別相關的術語來描述性取向（同性戀(homosexual)/異性戀(heterosexual)/雙性戀等(bisexual)），但性別本身不影響性取向，性取向在性別中也沒有作用。

<!-- en:
## What does it mean to be Non-binary?

zh-tw: -->
## 非二元是什麼意思？

<!-- en:
Non-binary can basically be simplified as a lack of exclusive affinity to male or female. This may be a lack of affinity to either identity ([agender](https://gender.wikia.org/wiki/Agender)), a total affinity to both ([bi-gender](https://gender.wikia.org/wiki/Bigender)/), a balanced affinity to both ([androgyne](https://gender.fandom.com/wiki/Androgyne)), an affinity that changes from day to day ([genderfluid](https://gender.wikia.org/wiki/Genderfluid)), a partial affinity ([demigender](https://gender.wikia.org/wiki/Demigender)), or even an affinity to the entire gender spectrum at once ([pangender](https://gender.wikia.org/wiki/Pangender)).

zh-tw: -->
非二元基本上可以簡化為對男性或女性沒有排他性的親和力。這可能是對任一身份的親和力缺乏（[無性別(agender)](https://gender.wikia.org/wiki/Agender)），對兩者的完全親和力（[雙性別(bi-gender)](https://gender.fandom.com/wiki/Bigender)），對兩者的平衡親和力（[雌雄同體(androgyne)](https://gender.fandom.com/wiki/Androgyne)），每天都會變化的親和力（[性別流動(genderfluid)](https://gender.wikia.org/wiki/Genderfluid)），部分親和力（[半性別(demigender)](https://gender.wikia.org/wiki/Demigender)），甚至是對整個性別光譜的一次性親和力（[泛性別(pangender)](https://gender.wikia.org/wiki/Pangender)）。

<!-- en:
It could be an affinity to some aspects of a gender but not others. For example, a [demigirl](https://gender.wikia.org/wiki/Demigirl) could be someone assigned female at birth who only feels a partial connection to womanhood and femininity, or may be a male-assigned individual who is taking hormone therapy to relieve physical dysphoria, and has a female phenotype, but does not experience a strong connection to the social aspects of womanhood.

zh-tw: -->
這可能是對某些性別特徵的親和力，但不是對其他特徵。例如，一個[半女孩(demigirl)](https://gender.wikia.org/wiki/Demigirl)可能是一個出生時被指定為女性的人，只對女性和女性特質有部分聯繫，或者可能是一個被指定為男性的人，正在接受荷爾蒙治療以緩解生理性別不安，並且具有女性表現型，但不會對女性社會方面有強烈的聯繫。

<!-- en:
In generalist terms, this book will be describing gender in a sense of binary identities (male/female) vs non-binary identities, but this is purely for the sake of writing simplicity. Please know that the depth of gender experience and expression is far, far more complicated than this simple breakdown.

zh-tw: -->
總的來說，這本書將以二元身份（男性/女性）與非二元身份的意義來描述性別，但這僅僅是為了寫作的簡單性。請知道，性別經驗和表達的深度遠遠比這個簡單的分類複雜得多。